How to modify existing, unpushed commits?
I wrote the wrong thing in a commit message. Alternatively, I've forgotten to include some files.
How can I change the commit message/files? The commit has not been pushed yet.
Amending the most recent commit message
git commit --amend
will open your editor, allowing you to change the commit message of the most recent commit. Additionally, you can set the commit message directly in the command line with:
git commit --amend -m "New commit message"
…however, this can make multi-line commit messages or small corrections more cumbersome to enter.
Make sure you don't have any working copy changes staged before doing this or they will get committed too. (Unstaged changes will not get committed.)
Changing the message of a commit that you've already pushed to your remote branch
If you've already pushed your commit up to your remote branch, then you'll need to force push the commit with:
git push <remote> <branch> --force
# Or
git push <remote> <branch> -f
Warning: force-pushing will overwrite the remote branch with the state of your local one . If there are commits on the remote branch that you don't have in your local branch, you will lose those commits.
Warning: be cautious about amending commits that you have already shared with other people. Amending commits essentially rewrites them to have different SHA IDs, which poses a problem if other people have copies of the old commit that you've rewritten. Anyone who has a copy of the old commit will need to synchronize their work with your newly re-written commit, which can sometimes be difficult, so make sure you coordinate with others when attempting to rewrite shared commit history, or just avoid rewriting shared commits altogether.
Use interactive rebase
Another option is to use interactive rebase.
This allows you to edit any message you want to update even if it's not the latest message.
In order to do a git squash, follow these steps:
// X is the number of commits to the last commit you want to be able to edit
git rebase -i HEAD~X
Once you squash your commits - choose the e/r for editing the message
Important note about Interactive rebase
When you use the git rebase -i HEAD~X there can be more than X commits. Git will "collect" all the commits in the last X commits and if there was a merge somewhere in between that range you will see all the commits as well so the outcome will be X+.
Good tip:
If you have to do it for more than a single branch and you might face conflicts when amending the content, set up git rerere and let git resolve those conflicts automatically for you.
Documentation
git-commit(1) Manual Page
git-rebase(1) Manual Page
git-push(1) Manual Page
git commit --amend -m "your new message"
If the commit you want to fix isn't the most recent one:
git rebase --interactive $parent_of_flawed_commit
If you want to fix several flawed commits, pass the parent of the oldest one of them.
An editor will come up, with a list of all commits since the one you gave.
pick to reword (or on old versions of Git, to edit ) in front of any commits you want to fix. For each commit you want to reword, Git will drop you back into your editor. For each commit you want to edit, Git drops you into the shell. If you're in the shell:
git commit --amend git rebase --continue Most of this sequence will be explained to you by the output of the various commands as you go. It's very easy, you don't need to memorise it – just remember that git rebase --interactive lets you correct commits no matter how long ago they were.
Note that you will not want to change commits that you have already pushed. Or maybe you do, but in that case you will have to take great care to communicate with everyone who may have pulled your commits and done work on top of them. How do I recover/resynchronise after someone pushes a rebase or a reset to a published branch?
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