What is the JavaScript >>> operator and how do you use it?
I was looking at code from Mozilla that add a filter method to Array and it had a line of code that confused me.
var len = this.length >>> 0;
I have never seen >>> used in JavaScript before.
What is it and what does it do?
It doesn't just convert non-Numbers to Number, it converts them to Numbers that can be expressed as 32-bit unsigned ints.
Although JavaScript's Numbers are double-precision floats(*), the bitwise operators ( << , >> , & , | and ~ ) are defined in terms of operations on 32-bit integers. Doing a bitwise operation converts the number to a 32-bit signed int, losing any fractions and higher-place bits than 32, before doing the calculation and then converting back to Number.
So doing a bitwise operation with no actual effect, like a rightward-shift of 0 bits >>0 , is a quick way to round a number and ensure it is in the 32-bit int range. Additionally, the triple >>> operator, after doing its unsigned operation, converts the results of its calculation to Number as an unsigned integer rather than the signed integer the others do, so it can be used to convert negatives to the 32-bit-two's-complement version as a large Number. Using >>>0 ensures you've got an integer between 0 and 0xFFFFFFFF.
In this case this is useful because ECMAScript defines Array indexes in terms of 32 bit unsigned ints. So if you're trying to implement array.filter in a way that exactly duplicates what the ECMAScript Fifth Edition standard says, you would cast the number to 32-bit unsigned int like this.
(In reality there's little practical need for this as hopefully people aren't going to be setting array.length to 0.5 , -1 , 1e21 or 'LEMONS' . But this is JavaScript authors we're talking about, so you never know...)
Summary:
1>>>0 === 1
-1>>>0 === 0xFFFFFFFF -1>>0 === -1
1.7>>>0 === 1
0x100000002>>>0 === 2
1e21>>>0 === 0xDEA00000 1e21>>0 === -0x21600000
Infinity>>>0 === 0
NaN>>>0 === 0
null>>>0 === 0
'1'>>>0 === 1
'x'>>>0 === 0
Object>>>0 === 0
(*: well, they're defined as behaving like floats. It wouldn't surprise me if some JavaScript engine actually used ints when it could, for performance reasons. But that would be an implementation detail you wouldn't get to take any advantage of.)
The unsigned right shift operator is used in the all the array extra's method implementations of Mozilla, to ensure that the length property is a unsigned 32-bit integer.
The length property of array objects is described in the specification as:
Every Array object has a length property whose value is always a nonnegative integer less than 232.
This operator is the shortest way to achieve it, internally array methods use the ToUint32 operation, but that method is not accessible and exist on the specification for implementation purposes.
The Mozilla array extras implementations try to be ECMAScript 5 compliant, look at the description of the Array.prototype.indexOf method (§ 15.4.4.14):
1. Let O be the result of calling ToObject passing the this value as the argument. 2. Let lenValue be the result of calling the [[Get]] internal method of O with the argument "length". 3. Let len be ToUint32(lenValue). ....
As you can see, they just want to reproduce the behavior of the ToUint32 method to comply with the ES5 spec on an ES3 implementation, and as I said before, the unsigned right shift operator is the easiest way.
That is the unsigned right bit shift operator. The difference between this and the signed right bit shift operator, is that the unsigned right bit shift operator ( >>> ) fills with zeroes from the left, and the signed right bit shift operator ( >> ) fills with the sign bit, thus preserving the sign of the numerical value when shifted.
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