Is the practice of returning a C++ reference variable, evil?
This is a little subjective I think; I'm not sure if the opinion will be unanimous (I've seen a lot of code snippets where references are returned).
According to a comment toward this question I just asked, regarding initializing references, returning a reference can be evil because, [as I understand] it makes it easier to miss deleting it, which can lead to memory leaks.
This worries me, as I have followed examples (unless I'm imagining things) and done this in a fair few places... Have I misunderstood? Is it evil? If so, just how evil?
I feel that because of my mixed bag of pointers and references, combined with the fact that I'm new to C++, and total confusion over what to use when, my applications must be memory leak hell...
Also, I understand that using smart/shared pointers is generally accepted as the best way to avoid memory leaks.
In general, returning a reference is perfectly normal and happens all the time.
If you mean:
int& getInt() {
int i;
return i; // DON'T DO THIS.
}
That is all sorts of evil. The stack-allocated i will go away and you are referring to nothing. This is also evil:
int& getInt() {
int* i = new int;
return *i; // DON'T DO THIS.
}
Because now the client has to eventually do the strange:
int& myInt = getInt(); // note the &, we cannot lose this reference!
delete &myInt; // must delete...totally weird and evil
int oops = getInt();
delete &oops; // undefined behavior, we're wrongly deleting a copy, not the original
Note that rvalue references are still just references, so all the evil applications remain the same.
If you want to allocate something that lives beyond the scope of the function, use a smart pointer (or in general, a container):
std::unique_ptr<int> getInt() {
return std::make_unique<int>(0);
}
And now the client stores a smart pointer:
std::unique_ptr<int> x = getInt();
References are also okay for accessing things where you know the lifetime is being kept open on a higher-level, eg:
struct immutableint {
immutableint(int i) : i_(i) {}
const int& get() const { return i_; }
private:
int i_;
};
Here we know it's okay to return a reference to i_ because whatever is calling us manages the lifetime of the class instance, so i_ will live at least that long.
And of course, there's nothing wrong with just:
int getInt() {
return 0;
}
If the lifetime should be left up to the caller, and you're just computing the value.
Summary: it's okay to return a reference if the lifetime of the object won't end after the call.
No. No, no, a thousand times no.
What is evil is making a reference to a dynamically allocated object and losing the original pointer. When you new an object you assume an obligation to have a guaranteed delete .
But have a look at, eg, operator<< : that must return a reference, or
cout << "foo" << "bar" << "bletch" << endl ;
won't work.
You should return a reference to an existing object that isn't going away immediately, and where you don't intend any transfer of ownership.
Never return a reference to a local variable or some such, because it won't be there to be referenced.
You can return a reference to something independent of the function, which you don't expect the calling function to take the responsibility for deleting. This is the case for the typical operator[] function.
If you are creating something, you should return either a value or a pointer (regular or smart). You can return a value freely, since it's going into a variable or expression in the calling function. Never return a pointer to a local variable, since it will go away.
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