What does enctype='multipart/form
enctype='multipart/form-data'在HTML表单中enctype='multipart/form-data'含义是什么以及我们应该在什么时候使用它？
When you make a POST request, you have to encode the data that forms the body of the request in some way.
HTML forms provide three methods of encoding.
application/x-www-form-urlencoded (the default) multipart/form-data text/plain Work was being done on adding application/json , but that has been abandoned.
The specifics of the formats don't matter to most developers. The important points are:
When you are writing client-side code, all you need to know is use multipart/form-data when your form includes any <input type="file"> elements .
When you are writing server-side code: Use a prewritten form handling library (eg Perl's CGI->param or the one exposed by PHP's $_POST superglobal) and it will take care of the differences for you. Don't bother trying to parse the raw input received by the server.
Never use text/plain .
If you are writing (or debugging) a library for parsing or generating the raw data, then you need to start worrying about the format. You might also want to know about it for interest's sake.
application/x-www-form-urlencoded is more or less the same as a query string on the end of the URL.
multipart/form-data is significantly more complicated but it allows entire files to be included in the data. An example of the result can be found in the HTML 4 specification.
text/plain is introduced by HTML 5 and is useful only for debugging — from the spec: They are not reliably interpretable by computer — and I'd argue that the others combined with tools (like the Net tab in the developer tools of most browsers) are better for that).
when should we use it
Quentin's answer is right: use multipart/form-data if the form contains a file upload, and application/x-www-form-urlencoded otherwise, which is the default if you omit enctype .
I'm going to:
HTML5 references
There are three possibilities for enctype :
x-www-urlencoded multipart/form-data (spec points to RFC7578) text-plain . This is "not reliably interpretable by computer", so it should never be used in production, and we will not look further into it. How to generate the examples
Once you see an example of each method, it becomes obvious how they work, and when you should use each one.
You can produce examples using:
nc -l or an ECHO server Save the form to a minimal .html file:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<title>upload</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://localhost:8000" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<p><input type="text" name="text1" value="text default">
<p><input type="text" name="text2" value="aωb">
<p><input type="file" name="file1">
<p><input type="file" name="file2">
<p><input type="file" name="file3">
<p><button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
</body>
</html>
We set the default text value to aωb , which means aωb because ω is U+03C9 , which are the bytes 61 CF 89 62 in UTF-8.
Create files to upload:
echo 'Content of a.txt.' > a.txt
echo '<!DOCTYPE html><title>Content of a.html.</title>' > a.html
# Binary file containing 4 bytes: 'a', 1, 2 and 'b'.
printf 'axCFx89b' > binary
Run our little echo server:
while true; do printf '' | nc -l 8000 localhost; done
Open the HTML on your browser, select the files and click on submit and check the terminal.
nc prints the request received.
Tested on: Ubuntu 14.04.3, nc BSD 1.105, Firefox 40.
multipart/form-data
Firefox sent:
POST / HTTP/1.1
[[ Less interesting headers ... ]]
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=---------------------------735323031399963166993862150
Content-Length: 834
-----------------------------735323031399963166993862150
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="text1"
text default
-----------------------------735323031399963166993862150
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="text2"
aωb
-----------------------------735323031399963166993862150
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file1"; filename="a.txt"
Content-Type: text/plain
Content of a.txt.
-----------------------------735323031399963166993862150
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file2"; filename="a.html"
Content-Type: text/html
<!DOCTYPE html><title>Content of a.html.</title>
-----------------------------735323031399963166993862150
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file3"; filename="binary"
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
aωb
-----------------------------735323031399963166993862150--
For the binary file and text field, the bytes 61 CF 89 62 ( aωb in UTF-8) are sent literally. You could verify that with nc -l localhost 8000 | hd nc -l localhost 8000 | hd , which says that the bytes:
61 CF 89 62
were sent ( 61 == 'a' and 62 == 'b').
Therefore it is clear that:
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=---------------------------9051914041544843365972754266 Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=---------------------------9051914041544843365972754266 sets the content type to multipart/form-data and says that the fields are separated by the given boundary string.
every field gets some sub headers before its data: Content-Disposition: form-data; , the field name , the filename , followed by the data.
The server reads the data until the next boundary string. The browser must choose a boundary that will not appear in any of the fields, so this is why the boundary may vary between requests.
Because we have the unique boundary, no encoding of the data is necessary: binary data is sent as is.
TODO: what is the optimal boundary size ( log(N) I bet), and name / running time of the algorithm that finds it? Asked at: https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/39687/find-the-shortest-sequence-that-is-not-a-sub-sequence-of-a-set-of-sequences
Content-Type is automatically determined by the browser.
How it is determined exactly was asked at: How is mime type of an uploaded file determined by browser?
application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Now change the enctype to application/x-www-form-urlencoded , reload the browser, and resubmit.
Firefox sent:
POST / HTTP/1.1
[[ Less interesting headers ... ]]
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 51
text1=text+default&text2=a%CF%89b&file1=a.txt&file2=a.html&file3=binary
Clearly the file data was not sent, only the basenames. So this cannot be used for files.
As for the text field, we see that usual printable characters like a and b were sent in one byte, while non-printable ones like 0xCF and 0x89 took up 3 bytes each: %CF%89 !
Comparison
File uploads often contain lots of non-printable characters (eg images), while text forms almost never do.
From the examples we have seen that:
multipart/form-data : adds a few bytes of boundary overhead to the message, and must spend some time calculating it, but sends each byte in one byte.
application/x-www-form-urlencoded : has a single byte boundary per field ( & ), but adds a linear overhead factor of 3x for every non-printable character.
Therefore, even if we could send files with application/x-www-form-urlencoded , we wouldn't want to, because it is so inefficient.
But for printable characters found in text fields, it does not matter and generates less overhead, so we just use it.
enctype='multipart/form-data is an encoding type that allows files to be sent through a POST. Quite simply, without this encoding the files cannot be sent through POST.
If you want to allow a user to upload a file via a form, you must use this enctype.
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