Most underused data visualization

 

Histograms and scatterplots are great methods of visualizing data and the relationship between variables, but recently I have been wondering about what visualization techniques I am missing. What do you think is the most underused type of plot?

Answers should:

  • Not be very commonly used in practice.
  • Be understandable without a great deal of background discussion.
  • Be applicable in many common situations.
  • Include reproducible code to create an example (preferably in R). A linked image would be nice.

    • I really agree with the other posters: Tufte's books are fantastic and well worth reading.

    First, I would point you to a very nice tutorial on ggplot2 and ggobi from "Looking at Data" earlier this year. Beyond that I would just highlight one visualization from R, and two graphics packages (which are not as widely used as base graphics, lattice, or ggplot):

    Heat Maps

    I really like visualizations that can handle multivariate data, especially time series data. Heat maps can be useful for this. One really neat one was featured by David Smith on the Revolutions blog. Here is the ggplot code courtesy of Hadley: 

    stock <- "MSFT"
start.date <- "2006-01-12"
end.date <- Sys.Date()
quote <- paste("http://ichart.finance.yahoo.com/table.csv?s=",
                stock, "&a=", substr(start.date,6,7),
                "&b=", substr(start.date, 9, 10),
                "&c=", substr(start.date, 1,4), 
                "&d=", substr(end.date,6,7),
                "&e=", substr(end.date, 9, 10),
                "&f=", substr(end.date, 1,4),
                "&g=d&ignore=.csv", sep="")    
stock.data <- read.csv(quote, as.is=TRUE)
stock.data <- transform(stock.data,
  week = as.POSIXlt(Date)$yday %/% 7 + 1,
  wday = as.POSIXlt(Date)$wday,
  year = as.POSIXlt(Date)$year + 1900)

library(ggplot2)
ggplot(stock.data, aes(week, wday, fill = Adj.Close)) + 
  geom_tile(colour = "white") + 
  scale_fill_gradientn(colours = c("#D61818","#FFAE63","#FFFFBD","#B5E384")) + 
  facet_wrap(~ year, ncol = 1)

    Which ends up looking somewhat like this:

    替代文字

    RGL: Interactive 3D Graphics

    Another package that is well worth the effort to learn is RGL , which easily provides the ability to create interactive 3D graphics. There are many examples online for this (including in the rgl documentation).

    The R-Wiki has a nice example of how to plot 3D scatter plots using rgl.

    GGobi

    Another package that is worth knowing is rggobi. There is a Springer book on the subject, and lots of great documentation/examples online, including at the "Looking at Data" course.

    Plots using polar coordinates are certainly underused--some would say with good reason. I think the situations which justify their use are not common; I also think that when those situations arise, polar plots can reveal patterns in data that linear plots cannot.

    I think that's because sometimes your data is inherently polar rather than linear--eg, it is cyclical (x-coordinates representing times during 24-hour day over multiple days), or the data were previously mapped onto a polar feature space.

    Here's an example. This plot shows a Website's mean traffic volume by hour. Notice the two spikes at 10 pm and at 1 am. For the Site's network engineers, those are significant; it's also significant that they occur near each other other (just two hours apart). But if you plot the same data on a traditional coordinate system, this pattern would be completely concealed--plotted linearly, these two spikes would be 20 hours apart, which they are, though they are also just two hours apart on consecutive days. The polar chart above shows this in a parsimonious and intuitive way (a legend isn't necessary).

    显示网站流量的极坐标图，在1时和22时高峰

    There are two ways (that I'm aware of) to create plots like this using R (I created the plot above w/ R). One is to code your own function in either the base or grid graphic systems. They other way, which is easier, is to use the circular package . The function you would use is ' rose.diag ': 

    data = c(35, 78, 34, 25, 21, 17, 22, 19, 25, 18, 25, 21, 16, 20, 26, 
                 19, 24, 18, 23, 25, 24, 25, 71, 27)
three_palettes = c(brewer.pal(12, "Set3"), brewer.pal(8, "Accent"), 
                   brewer.pal(9, "Set1"))
rose.diag(data, bins=24, main="Daily Site Traffic by Hour", col=three_palettes)

    I really like dotplots and find when I recommend them to others for appropriate data problems they are invariably surprised and delighted. They don't seem to get much use, and I can't figure out why.

    Here's an example from Quick-R: 关于汽车数据的dotplot

    I believe Cleveland is most responsible for the development and promulgation of these, and the example in his book (in which faulty data was easily detected with a dotplot) is a powerful argument for their use. Note that the example above only puts one dot per line, whereas their real power comes with you have multiple dots on each line, with a legend explaining which is which. For instance, you could use different symbols or colors for three different time points, and thence easily get a sense of time patterns in different categories.

    In the following example (done in Excel of all things!), you can clearly see which category might have suffered from a label swap.

    链接地址: http://www.djcxy.com/p/4238.html

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