Use alternate syntax highlighting in middle of TextMate2 comment
By the very nature of a comment, this might not make sense.
On the other hand, what I'm trying to achieve is not too different from an escape character.
As a simple example, I want # comment :break: comment to show up more like like
#comment
"break"
# comment
would, but without the second # , everything is on the same line, and instead of quotes I have some other escape character. Although, like quotes (and unlike escape characters that I'm familiar with [eg, ]), I intend to explicitly indicate the beginning and the end of the interruption to the comment.
Thanks to @Graham P Heath, I was able to achieve alternate forms of comments in this question. What I'm after is an enhancement to what was achieved there. In my scenario, # is a comment in the language I'm using (R), and #' functions both as an R comment and as the start of code in another language. Now, I can get everything after the #' to take on syntax highlighting that is different from the typical R comment, but I'm trying to get a very modest amount of syntax highlighting in this sub-language ( #' actually indicates the start of markdown code, and I want the "raw" syntax highlighting for text surround in a pair of ` ).
The piece of the language grammar that I'm trying to interrupt is as follows:
{ begin = '(^[ t]+)?(?=#'' )';
end = '(?!G)';
beginCaptures = { 1 = { name = 'punctuation.whitespace.comment.leading.r'; }; };
patterns = (
{ name = 'comment.line.number-sign-tick.r';
begin = "#' ";
end = 'n';
beginCaptures = { 0 = { name = 'punctuation.definition.comment.r'; }; };
},
);
},
I'm pretty sure I've figured it out. What I didn't understand previously was how the scoping worked. I still don't understand it fully, but I now know enough to create nested definitions (regex) for the begin and end of each type of syntax.
The scoping makes things so much easier! Previously I wanted to do regex like (?<=A#'s.*)($) to find a dollar sign within the #' -style comment ... but obviously that won't work because of the repetition with * ( + wouldn't work for the same reason). Via scoping, it's already implied that we have to be inside the A#'s match before $ will be matched.
Here is the relevant portion of my Language Grammar:
{ begin = '(^[ t]+)?(?=#'' )';
end = '(?!G)';
beginCaptures = { 1 = { name = 'punctuation.whitespace.comment.leading.r'; }; };
patterns = (
{ name = 'comment.line.number-sign-tick.r';
begin = "#' ";
end = 'n';
beginCaptures = { 0 = { name = 'punctuation.definition.comment.r'; }; };
patterns = (
// Markdown within Comment
{ name = 'comment.line.number-sign-tick-raw.r';
begin = '(`)(?!s)'; // backtick not followed by whitespace
end = '(?<!s)(`)'; // backtick not preceded by whitespace
beginCaptures = { 0 = { name = 'punctuation.definition.comment.r'; }; };
},
// Equation within comment
{ name = 'comment.line.number-sign-tick-eqn.r';
begin = '((?<!G)([$]{1,2})(?!s))';
end = '(?<!s)([$]{1,2})';
beginCaptures = { 0 = { name = 'punctuation.definition.comment.r'; }; };
// Markdown within Equation
patterns = (
{ name = 'comment.line.number-sign-tick-raw.r';
begin = '(`)(?!s)'; // backtick not followed by whitespace
end = '(?<!s)(`)'; // backtick not preceded by whitespace
beginCaptures = { 0 = { name = 'punctuation.definition.comment.r'; }; };
},
);
},
);
},
);
},
here is some R code:
# below is a `knitr` (note no effect of backticks) code chunk
#+ codeChunk, include=FALSE
# normal R comment, follow by code
data <- matrix(rnorm(6,3, sd=7), nrow=2)
#' This would be recognized as markdown by `knitr::spin()`, with the preceding portion as "raw" text
`note that this doesnt go to the 'raw' format ... it is normal code!`
#+ anotherChunk
# also note how the dollar signs behave normally
data <- as.list(data)
data$blah <- "blah"
`data`[[1]] # backticks behaving
#' I can introduce a Latex-style equation, filling in values from R using `knitr` code chunks: $frac{top}{bottom}=frac{`r topValue`}{`r botValue`}$ then continue on with markdown.
And here is what that looks like in TextMate2 after making these changes: 
Pretty good, except the backticked pieces take on the italics when they're inside an equation. I can live with that. I can even convince myself that I wanted it that way ;) (by the way, I specified fontName='regular' for the courier new, so I don't know why that's getting overridden)
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