How to import other Python files?
How do I import other files in Python?
import file.py ? For example, in main.py I have:
from extra import *
Although this gives me all the definitions in extra.py , when maybe all I want is a single definition:
def gap():
print
print
What do I add to the import statement to just get gap from extra.py ?
importlib is recent addition in Python to programmatically import a module. It just a wrapper around __import__ See https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html#module-importlib
import importlib
moduleName = input('Enter module name:')
importlib.import_module(moduleName)
Update: Answer below is outdated . Use the more recent alternative above.
Just import file without the '.py' extension.
You can mark a folder as a package, by adding an empty file named __init__.py .
You can use the __import__ function. It takes the module name as a string. (Again: module name without the '.py' extension.)
pmName = input('Enter module name:')
pm = __import__(pmName)
print(dir(pm))
Type help(__import__) for more details.
There are many ways to import a python file, all with their pros and cons.
Don't just hastily pick the first import strategy that works for you or else you'll have to rewrite the codebase later on when you find it doesn't meet your needs.
I'll start out explaining the easiest example #1, then I'll move toward the most professional and robust example #7
Example 1, Import a python module with python interpreter:
Put this in /home/el/foo/fox.py:
def what_does_the_fox_say():
print("vixens cry")
Get into the python interpreter:
el@apollo:/home/el/foo$ python
Python 2.7.3 (default, Sep 26 2013, 20:03:06)
>>> import fox
>>> fox.what_does_the_fox_say()
vixens cry
>>>
You imported fox through the python interpreter, invoked the python function what_does_the_fox_say() from within fox.py.
Example 2, Use execfile or ( exec in Python 3) in a script to execute the other python file in place:
Put this in /home/el/foo2/mylib.py:
def moobar():
print("hi")
Put this in /home/el/foo2/main.py:
execfile("/home/el/foo2/mylib.py")
moobar()
run the file:
el@apollo:/home/el/foo$ python main.py
hi
The function moobar was imported from mylib.py and made available in main.py
Example 3, Use from ... import ... functionality:
Put this in /home/el/foo3/chekov.py:
def question():
print "where are the nuclear wessels?"
Put this in /home/el/foo3/main.py:
from chekov import question
question()
Run it like this:
el@apollo:/home/el/foo3$ python main.py
where are the nuclear wessels?
If you defined other functions in chekov.py, they would not be available unless you import *
Example 4, Import riaa.py if it's in a different file location from where it is imported
Put this in /home/el/foo4/stuff/riaa.py:
def watchout():
print "computers are transforming into a noose and a yoke for humans"
Put this in /home/el/foo4/main.py:
import sys
import os
sys.path.append(os.path.abspath("/home/el/foo4/stuff"))
from riaa import *
watchout()
Run it:
el@apollo:/home/el/foo4$ python main.py
computers are transforming into a noose and a yoke for humans
That imports everything in the foreign file from a different directory.
Example 5, use os.system("python yourfile.py")
import os
os.system("python yourfile.py")
Example 6, import your file via piggybacking the python startuphook:
See: https://docs.python.org/2/library/user.html
Put this code into your home directory in ~/.pythonrc.py
class secretclass:
def secretmessage(cls, myarg):
return myarg + " is if.. up in the sky, the sky"
secretmessage = classmethod( secretmessage )
def skycake(cls):
return "cookie and sky pie people can't go up and "
skycake = classmethod( skycake )
Put this code into your main.py (can be anywhere):
import user
msg = "The only way skycake tates good"
msg = user.secretclass.secretmessage(msg)
msg += user.secretclass.skycake()
print(msg + " have the sky pie! SKYCAKE!")
Run it:
$ python main.py
The only way skycake tates good is if.. up in the sky,
the skycookie and sky pie people can't go up and have the sky pie!
SKYCAKE!
Credit for this jist goes to: https://github.com/docwhat/homedir-examples/blob/master/python-commandline/.pythonrc.py Send along your up-boats.
Example 7, Most Robust: Import files in python with the bare import command:
/home/el/foo5/ /home/el/foo5/herp Make an empty file named __init__.py under herp:
el@apollo:/home/el/foo5/herp$ touch __init__.py
el@apollo:/home/el/foo5/herp$ ls
__init__.py
Make a new directory /home/el/foo5/herp/derp
Under derp, make another __init__.py file:
el@apollo:/home/el/foo5/herp/derp$ touch __init__.py
el@apollo:/home/el/foo5/herp/derp$ ls
__init__.py
Under /home/el/foo5/herp/derp make a new file called yolo.py Put this in there:
def skycake():
print "SkyCake evolves to stay just beyond the cognitive reach of " +
"the bulk of men. SKYCAKE!!"
The moment of truth, Make the new file /home/el/foo5/main.py , put this in there;
from herp.derp.yolo import skycake
skycake()
Run it:
el@apollo:/home/el/foo5$ python main.py
SkyCake evolves to stay just beyond the cognitive reach of the bulk
of men. SKYCAKE!!
The empty __init__.py file communicates to the python interpreter that the developer intends this directory to be an importable package.
If you want to see my post on how to include ALL .py files under a directory see here: https://stackoverflow.com/a/20753073/445131
Bonus protip
whether you are using Mac, Linux or Windows, you need to be using python's idle editor as described here. It will unlock your python world. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkW5CSZ_VII
To import a specific Python file at 'runtime' with a known name:
import os
import sys
...
scriptpath = "../Test/MyModule.py"
# Add the directory containing your module to the Python path (wants absolute paths)
sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(scriptpath))
# Do the import
import MyModule
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