Using global variables in a function other than the one that created them
If I create a global variable in one function, how can I use that variable in another function?
Do I need to store the global variable in a local variable of the function which needs its access?
You can use a global variable in other functions by declaring it as global in each function that assigns to it:
globvar = 0
def set_globvar_to_one():
global globvar # Needed to modify global copy of globvar
globvar = 1
def print_globvar():
print(globvar) # No need for global declaration to read value of globvar
set_globvar_to_one()
print_globvar() # Prints 1
I imagine the reason for it is that, since global variables are so dangerous, Python wants to make sure that you really know that's what you're playing with by explicitly requiring the global keyword.
See other answers if you want to share a global variable across modules.
If I'm understanding your situation correctly, what you're seeing is the result of how Python handles local (function) and global (module) namespaces.
Say you've got a module like this:
# sample.py
myGlobal = 5
def func1():
myGlobal = 42
def func2():
print myGlobal
func1()
func2()
You might expecting this to print 42, but instead it prints 5. As has already been mentioned, if you add a ' global ' declaration to func1() , then func2() will print 42.
def func1():
global myGlobal
myGlobal = 42
What's going on here is that Python assumes that any name that is assigned to, anywhere within a function, is local to that function unless explicitly told otherwise. If it is only reading from a name, and the name doesn't exist locally, it will try to look up the name in any containing scopes (eg the module's global scope).
When you assign 42 to the name myGlobal , therefore, Python creates a local variable that shadows the global variable of the same name. That local goes out of scope and is garbage-collected when func1() returns; meanwhile, func2() can never see anything other than the (unmodified) global name. Note that this namespace decision happens at compile time, not at runtime -- if you were to read the value of myGlobal inside func1() before you assign to it, you'd get an UnboundLocalError , because Python has already decided that it must be a local variable but it has not had any value associated with it yet. But by using the ' global ' statement, you tell Python that it should look elsewhere for the name instead of assigning to it locally.
(I believe that this behavior originated largely through an optimization of local namespaces -- without this behavior, Python's VM would need to perform at least three name lookups each time a new name is assigned to inside a function (to ensure that the name didn't already exist at module/builtin level), which would significantly slow down a very common operation.)
You may want to explore the notion of namespaces. In Python, the module is the natural place for global data:
Each module has its own private symbol table, which is used as the global symbol table by all functions defined in the module. Thus, the author of a module can use global variables in the module without worrying about accidental clashes with a user's global variables. On the other hand, if you know what you are doing you can touch a module's global variables with the same notation used to refer to its functions, modname.itemname .
A specific use of global-in-a-module is described here - how-do-i-share-global-variables-across-modules:
The canonical way to share information across modules within a single program is to create a special configuration module (often called config or cfg). Just import the configuration module in all modules of your application; the module then becomes available as a global name. Because there is only one instance of each module, any changes made to the module object get reflected everywhere. For example:
File: config.py
x = 0 # Default value of the 'x' configuration setting
File: mod.py
import config
config.x = 1
File: main.py
import config
import mod
print config.x
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