How do I write the 'cd' command in a makefile?
For example, I have something like this in my makefile:
all:
cd some_directory
But when I typed make I saw only 'cd some_directory', like in the echo command.
It is actually executing the command, changing the directory to some_directory , however, this is performed in a sub-process shell, and affects neither make nor the shell you're working from.
If you're looking to perform more tasks within some_directory , you need to add a semi-colon and append the other commands as well. Note that you cannot use newlines as they are interpreted by make as the end of the rule, so any newlines you use for clarity needs to be escaped by a backslash.
For example:
all:
cd some_dir; echo "I'm in some_dir";
gcc -Wall -o myTest myTest.c
Note also that the semicolon is necessary between every command even though you add a backslash and a newline. This is due to the fact that the entire string is parsed as a single line by the shell. As noted in the comments, you should use '&&' to join commands, which mean they only get executed if the preceding command was successful.
all:
cd some_dir && echo "I'm in some_dir" &&
gcc -Wall -o myTest myTest.c
This is especially crucial when doing destructive work, such as clean-up, as you'll otherwise destroy the wrong stuff, should the cd fail for whatever reason.
A common usage though is to call make in the sub directory, which you might want to look into. There's a command line option for this so you don't have to call cd yourself, so your rule would look like this
all:
$(MAKE) -C some_dir all
which will change into some_dir and execute the Makefile in there with the target "all". As a best practice, use $(MAKE) instead of calling make directly, as it'll take care to call the right make instance (if you, for example, use a special make version for your build environment), as well as provide slightly different behavior when running using certain switches, such as -t .
For the record, make always echos the command it executes (unless explicitly suppressed), even if it has no output, which is what you're seeing.
Starting from GNU make 3.82 , you can use the .ONESHELL special target to run all recipe lines in a single instantiation of the shell (bold emphasis mine):
.ONESHELL instructs make to invoke a single instance of the shell and provide it with the entire recipe , regardless of how many lines it contains. [...] .ONESHELL:
all:
cd ~/some_dir
pwd # Prints ~/some_dir if cd succeeded
Here's a cute trick to deal with directories and make. Instead of using multiline strings, or "cd ;" on each command, define a simple chdir function as so:
CHDIR_SHELL := $(SHELL)
define chdir
$(eval _D=$(firstword $(1) $(@D)))
$(info $(MAKE): cd $(_D)) $(eval SHELL = cd $(_D); $(CHDIR_SHELL))
endef
Then all you have to do is call it in your rule as so:
all:
$(call chdir,some_dir)
echo "I'm now always in some_dir"
gcc -Wall -o myTest myTest.c
You can even do the following:
some_dir/myTest:
$(call chdir)
echo "I'm now always in some_dir"
gcc -Wall -o myTest myTest.c