Why would finding a type's initializer throw a NullReferenceException?
This has got me stumped. I was trying to optimize some tests for Noda Time, where we have some type initializer checking. I thought I'd find out whether a type has a type initializer (static constructor or static variables with initializers) before loading everything into a new AppDomain . To my surprise, a small test of this threw NullReferenceException - despite there being no null values in my code. It only throws the exception when compiled with no debug information.
Here's a short but complete program to demonstrate the problem:
using System;
class Test
{
static Test() {}
static void Main()
{
var cctor = typeof(Test).TypeInitializer;
Console.WriteLine("Got initializer? {0}", cctor != null);
}
}
And a transcript of compilation and output:
c:UsersJonTest>csc Test.cs
Microsoft (R) Visual C# Compiler version 4.0.30319.17626
for Microsoft (R) .NET Framework 4.5
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
c:UsersJonTest>test
Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to
an instance of an object.
at System.RuntimeType.GetConstructorImpl(BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder bin
der, CallingConventions callConvention, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifi
ers)
at Test.Main()
c:UsersJonTest>csc /debug+ Test.cs
Microsoft (R) Visual C# Compiler version 4.0.30319.17626
for Microsoft (R) .NET Framework 4.5
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
c:UsersJonTest>test
Got initializer? True
Now you'll notice I'm using .NET 4.5 (the release candidate) - which may be relevant here. It's somewhat tricky for me to test it with the various other original frameworks (in particular "vanilla" .NET 4) but if anyone else has easy access to machines with other frameworks, I'd be interested in the results.
Other details:
NodaTime.dll to see the differences - just Test.cs which referred to it. Any ideas? Framework bug?
EDIT: Curiouser and curiouser. If you take out the Console.WriteLine call:
using System;
class Test
{
static Test() {}
static void Main()
{
var cctor = typeof(Test).TypeInitializer;
}
}
It now only fails when compiled with csc /o- /debug- . If you turn on optimizations, ( /o+ ) it works. But if you include the Console.WriteLine call as per the original, both versions will fail.
with csc test.cs :
(196c.1874): Access violation - code c0000005 (first chance)
mscorlib_ni!System.RuntimeType.GetConstructorImpl(System.Reflection.BindingFlags, System.Reflection.Binder, System.Reflection.CallingConventions, System.Type[], System.Reflection.ParameterModifier[])+0xa3:
000007fe`e5735403 488b4608 mov rax,qword ptr [rsi+8] ds:00000000`00000008=????????????????
Trying to load from [rsi+8] when @rsi is NULL. Lets inspect the function:
0:000> ln 000007fe`e5735403
(000007fe`e5735360) mscorlib_ni!System.RuntimeType.GetConstructorImpl(System.Reflection.BindingFlags, System.Reflection.Binder, System.Reflection.CallingConventions, System.Type[], System.Reflection.ParameterModifier[])+0xa3
0:000> uf 000007fe`e5735360
Flow analysis was incomplete, some code may be missing
mscorlib_ni!System.RuntimeType.GetConstructorImpl(System.Reflection.BindingFlags, System.Reflection.Binder, System.Reflection.CallingConventions, System.Type[], System.Reflection.ParameterModifier[]):
000007fe`e5735360 53 push rbx
000007fe`e5735361 55 push rbp
000007fe`e5735362 56 push rsi
000007fe`e5735363 57 push rdi
000007fe`e5735364 4154 push r12
000007fe`e5735366 4883ec30 sub rsp,30h
000007fe`e573536a 498bf8 mov rdi,r8
000007fe`e573536d 8bea mov ebp,edx
000007fe`e573536f 48c744242800000000 mov qword ptr [rsp+28h],0
000007fe`e5735378 488bb42480000000 mov rsi,qword ptr [rsp+80h]
000007fe`e5735380 4889742420 mov qword ptr [rsp+20h],rsi
000007fe`e5735385 41b903000000 mov r9d,3
...
mscorlib_ni!System.RuntimeType.GetConstructorImpl(System.Reflection.BindingFlags, System.Reflection.Binder, System.Reflection.CallingConventions, System.Type[], System.Reflection.ParameterModifier[])+0x97:
000007fe`e57353f7 488b4b08 mov rcx,qword ptr [rbx+8]
000007fe`e57353fb 85c9 test ecx,ecx
000007fe`e57353fd 0f848e000000 je mscorlib_ni!System.RuntimeType.GetConstructorImpl(System.Reflection.BindingFlags, System.Reflection.Binder, System.Reflection.CallingConventions, System.Type[], System.Reflection.ParameterModifier[])+0x131 (000007fe`e5735491)
mscorlib_ni!System.RuntimeType.GetConstructorImpl(System.Reflection.BindingFlags, System.Reflection.Binder, System.Reflection.CallingConventions, System.Type[], System.Reflection.ParameterModifier[])+0xa3:
000007fe`e5735403 488b4608 mov rax,qword ptr [rsi+8]
000007fe`e5735407 85c0 test eax,eax
000007fe`e5735409 7545 jne mscorlib_ni!System.RuntimeType.GetConstructorImpl(System.Reflection.BindingFlags, System.Reflection.Binder, System.Reflection.CallingConventions, System.Type[], System.Reflection.ParameterModifier[])+0xf0 (000007fe`e5735450)
...
@rsi is loaded in the beginning from [rsp+20h] so it must be passed by caller. Lets look at the caller:
0:000> k3
Child-SP RetAddr Call Site
00000000`001fec70 000007fe`8d450110 mscorlib_ni!System.RuntimeType.GetConstructorImpl(System.Reflection.BindingFlags, System.Reflection.Binder, System.Reflection.CallingConventions, System.Type[], System.Reflection.ParameterModifier[])+0xa3
00000000`001fecd0 000007fe`ecb6e073 image00000000_01120000!Test.Main()+0x60
00000000`001fed20 000007fe`ecb6dcb2 clr!CoUninitializeEE+0x7ae1f
0:000> ln 000007fe`8d450110
(000007fe`8d4500b0) image00000000_01120000!Test.Main()+0x60
0:000> uf 000007fe`8d4500b0
image00000000_01120000!Test.Main():
000007fe`8d4500b0 53 push rbx
000007fe`8d4500b1 4883ec40 sub rsp,40h
000007fe`8d4500b5 e8a69ba658 call mscorlib_ni!System.Console.get_In() (000007fe`e5eb9c60)
000007fe`8d4500ba 4c8bd8 mov r11,rax
000007fe`8d4500bd 498b03 mov rax,qword ptr [r11]
000007fe`8d4500c0 488b5048 mov rdx,qword ptr [rax+48h]
000007fe`8d4500c4 498bcb mov rcx,r11
000007fe`8d4500c7 ff5238 call qword ptr [rdx+38h]
000007fe`8d4500ca 488d0d7737eeff lea rcx,[000007fe`8d333848]
000007fe`8d4500d1 e88acb715f call clr!CoUninitializeEE+0x79a0c (000007fe`ecb6cc60)
000007fe`8d4500d6 4c8bd8 mov r11,rax
000007fe`8d4500d9 48b92012531200000000 mov rcx,12531220h
000007fe`8d4500e3 488b09 mov rcx,qword ptr [rcx]
000007fe`8d4500e6 498b03 mov rax,qword ptr [r11]
000007fe`8d4500e9 4c8b5068 mov r10,qword ptr [rax+68h]
000007fe`8d4500ed 48c744242800000000 mov qword ptr [rsp+28h],0
000007fe`8d4500f6 48894c2420 mov qword ptr [rsp+20h],rcx
000007fe`8d4500fb 41b903000000 mov r9d,3
000007fe`8d450101 4533c0 xor r8d,r8d
000007fe`8d450104 ba38000000 mov edx,38h
000007fe`8d450109 498bcb mov rcx,r11
000007fe`8d45010c 41ff5228 call qword ptr [r10+28h]
000007fe`8d450110 48bb1032531200000000 mov rbx,12533210h
000007fe`8d45011a 488b1b mov rbx,qword ptr [rbx]
000007fe`8d45011d 33d2 xor edx,edx
000007fe`8d45011f 488bc8 mov rcx,rax
000007fe`8d450122 e829452e58 call mscorlib_ni!System.Reflection.ConstructorInfo.op_Equality(System.Reflection.ConstructorInfo, System.Reflection.ConstructorInfo) (000007fe`e5734650)
000007fe`8d450127 0fb6c8 movzx ecx,al
000007fe`8d45012a 33c0 xor eax,eax
000007fe`8d45012c 85c9 test ecx,ecx
000007fe`8d45012e 0f94c0 sete al
000007fe`8d450131 0fb6c8 movzx ecx,al
000007fe`8d450134 894c2430 mov dword ptr [rsp+30h],ecx
000007fe`8d450138 488d542430 lea rdx,[rsp+30h]
000007fe`8d45013d 488d0d24224958 lea rcx,[mscorlib_ni+0x682368 (000007fe`e58e2368)]
000007fe`8d450144 e807246a5f call clr+0x2550 (000007fe`ecaf2550)
000007fe`8d450149 488bd0 mov rdx,rax
000007fe`8d45014c 488bcb mov rcx,rbx
000007fe`8d45014f e81cab2758 call mscorlib_ni!System.Console.WriteLine(System.String, System.Object) (000007fe`e56cac70)
000007fe`8d450154 90 nop
000007fe`8d450155 4883c440 add rsp,40h
000007fe`8d450159 5b pop rbx
000007fe`8d45015a c3 ret
(My disassemble shows System.Console.get_In because I added a Console.GetLine() in test.cs to have an opportunity to break in debugger. I validated it doesn't change the behavior).
We're in this call: 000007fe8d45010c 41ff5228 call qword ptr [r10+28h] (our AV frame ret address is the instruction right after this call ).
Lets compare this with what happens when we compile csc /debug test.cs . We can set up a bp 000007fee5735360 , luckily the module loads at the same address. On the instruction that loads @rsi :
0:000> r
rax=000007fee58e2f30 rbx=00000000027c6258 rcx=00000000027c6258
rdx=0000000000000038 rsi=00000000002debd8 rdi=0000000000000000
rip=000007fee5735378 rsp=00000000002de990 rbp=0000000000000038
r8=0000000000000000 r9=0000000000000003 r10=000007fee58831c8
r11=00000000002de9c0 r12=0000000000000000 r13=00000000002dedc0
r14=00000000002dec58 r15=0000000000000004
iopl=0 nv up ei pl nz na po nc
cs=0033 ss=002b ds=002b es=002b fs=0053 gs=002b efl=00000206
mscorlib_ni!System.RuntimeType.GetConstructorImpl(System.Reflection.BindingFlags, System.Reflection.Binder, System.Reflection.CallingConventions, System.Type[], System.Reflection.ParameterModifier[])+0x18:
000007fe`e5735378 488bb42480000000 mov rsi,qword ptr [rsp+80h] ss:00000000`002dea10=a0627c0200000000
Note that @rsi is 00000000002debd8. Stepping through the function shows that this the address that will be dereferenced later at the place when the bad exe bombs (ie. @rsi does not change). The stack is very interesting because it shows an extra frame:
0:000> k3
Child-SP RetAddr Call Site
00000000`002de990 000007fe`e5eddf68 mscorlib_ni!System.RuntimeType.GetConstructorImpl(System.Reflection.BindingFlags, System.Reflection.Binder, System.Reflection.CallingConventions, System.Type[], System.Reflection.ParameterModifier[])+0x18
00000000`002de9f0 000007fe`8d460119 mscorlib_ni!System.Type.get_TypeInitializer()+0x48
00000000`002dea30 000007fe`ecb6e073 good!Test.Main()+0x49*** WARNING: Unable to verify checksum for good.exe
0:000> ln 000007fe`e5eddf68
(000007fe`e5eddf20) mscorlib_ni!System.Type.get_TypeInitializer()+0x48
0:000> uf 000007fe`e5eddf20
mscorlib_ni!System.Type.get_TypeInitializer():
000007fe`e5eddf20 53 push rbx
000007fe`e5eddf21 4883ec30 sub rsp,30h
000007fe`e5eddf25 488bd9 mov rbx,rcx
000007fe`e5eddf28 ba22010000 mov edx,122h
000007fe`e5eddf2d b901000000 mov ecx,1
000007fe`e5eddf32 e8d1a075ff call CORINFO_HELP_GETSHARED_GCSTATIC_BASE (000007fe`e5638008)
000007fe`e5eddf37 488b88f0010000 mov rcx,qword ptr [rax+1F0h]
000007fe`e5eddf3e 488b03 mov rax,qword ptr [rbx]
000007fe`e5eddf41 4c8b5068 mov r10,qword ptr [rax+68h]
000007fe`e5eddf45 48c744242800000000 mov qword ptr [rsp+28h],0
000007fe`e5eddf4e 48894c2420 mov qword ptr [rsp+20h],rcx
000007fe`e5eddf53 41b903000000 mov r9d,3
000007fe`e5eddf59 4533c0 xor r8d,r8d
000007fe`e5eddf5c ba38000000 mov edx,38h
000007fe`e5eddf61 488bcb mov rcx,rbx
000007fe`e5eddf64 41ff5228 call qword ptr [r10+28h]
000007fe`e5eddf68 90 nop
000007fe`e5eddf69 4883c430 add rsp,30h
000007fe`e5eddf6d 5b pop rbx
000007fe`e5eddf6e c3 ret
0:000> ln 000007fe`8d460119
The call is the same call qword ptr [r10+28h] that we've seen before, so in the bad case this function was probably inlined in the Main() , so the fact that there is an extra frame is a red herring. If we look at the preparation of this call qword ptr [r10+28h] we notice this instruction: mov qword ptr [rsp+20h],rcx . This is what loads the address which gets eventually dereferenced as @rsi . In the good case, this is how @rcx is loaded:
000007fe`e5eddf32 e8d1a075ff call CORINFO_HELP_GETSHARED_GCSTATIC_BASE (000007fe`e5638008)
000007fe`e5eddf37 488b88f0010000 mov rcx,qword ptr [rax+1F0h]
In the bad case it looks very different:
000007fe`8d4600d9 48b92012721200000000 mov rcx,12721220h
000007fe`8d4600e3 488b09 mov rcx,qword ptr [rcx]
This is very different. Unlike the good case that calls CORINFO_HELP_GETSHARED_GCSTATIC_BASE and reads what ends up as the critical pointer that causes the AV from some member at offset 1F0 in a return structure, the optimized code loads it from a static address. And of course 12721220h contains NULL:
0:000> dp 12721220h L8
00000000`12721220 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000
00000000`12721230 00000000`00000000 00000000`02722198
00000000`12721240 00000000`027221c8 00000000`027221f8
00000000`12721250 00000000`02722228 00000000`02722258
Unfortunately is too late for me to dig deeper right now, the dissasembly of CORINFO_HELP_GETSHARED_GCSTATIC_BASE is far from trivial. I'm posting this in hope someone more knowledgeable in CLR internals can make sense (as you can see, I really considered the issue just from the native instructions POV and completely ignored IL).
As I believe I've found some new interesting findings about the problem, I decided to add them as an answer, acknowledging at the same time that they are not addressing the "why it happens" in the original question. Maybe someone who knows more about the internal workings of the involved types might post an edifying answer based also on the observations I'm posting.
I've also managed to reproduce the issue on my machine and I've tracked a connection with the System.Runtime.InteropServices._Type Interface, which is implemented by the System.Type class.
Initially, I've found at least 3 workaround approaches for fixing the problem:
Simply by casting the Type to _Type inside the Main method:
var cctor = ((_Type)typeof(Test)).TypeInitializer;
Or making sure that approach 1 was used previously inside the method:
var warmUp = ((_Type)typeof(Test)).TypeInitializer;
var cctor = ((Type)typeof(Test)).TypeInitializer;
Or by adding a static field to the Test class and initializing it (with casting it to _Type ):
static ConstructorInfo _dummy1 = (typeof(object) as _Type).TypeInitializer;
Later on, I discovered that if we don't want to involve the System.Runtime.InteropServices._Type interface in the workarounds, the problem doesn't occur either by:
Adding a static field to the Test class and initializing it (without casting it to _Type ):
static ConstructorInfo _dummy2 = typeof(object).TypeInitializer;
Or by initializing the cctor variable itself as a static field of the class:
static ConstructorInfo cctor = typeof(Test).TypeInitializer;
I'm looking forward to your feedback.
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