C++ SFINAE examples?

I want to get into more template meta-programming. I know that SFINAE stands for "substitution failure is not an error." But can someone show me a good use for SFINAE?

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Heres one example (from here):

template<typename T>
class IsClassT {
  private:
    typedef char One;
    typedef struct { char a[2]; } Two;
    template<typename C> static One test(int C::*);
    // Will be chosen if T is anything except a class.
    template<typename C> static Two test(...);
  public:
    enum { Yes = sizeof(IsClassT<T>::test<T>(0)) == 1 };
    enum { No = !Yes };
};

When IsClassT<int>::Yes is evaluated, 0 cannot be converted to int int::* because int is not a class, so it can't have a member pointer. If SFINAE didn't exist, then you would get a compiler error, something like '0 cannot be converted to member pointer for non-class type int'. Instead, it just uses the ... form which returns Two, and thus evaluates to false, int is not a class type.

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I like using SFINAE to check boolean conditions.

template<int I> void div(char(*)[I % 2 == 0] = 0) {
    /* this is taken when I is even */
}

template<int I> void div(char(*)[I % 2 == 1] = 0) {
    /* this is taken when I is odd */
}

It can be quite useful. For example, i used it to check whether an initializer list collected using operator comma is no longer than a fixed size

template<int N>
struct Vector {
    template<int M> 
    Vector(MyInitList<M> const& i, char(*)[M <= N] = 0) { /* ... */ }
}

The list is only accepted when M is smaller than N, which means that the initializer list has not too many elements.

The syntax char(*)[C] means: Pointer to an array with element type char and size C . If C is false (0 here), then we get the invalid type char(*)[0] , pointer to a zero sized array: SFINAE makes it so that the template will be ignored then.

Expressed with boost::enable_if , that looks like this

template<int N>
struct Vector {
    template<int M> 
    Vector(MyInitList<M> const& i, 
           typename enable_if_c<(M <= N)>::type* = 0) { /* ... */ }
}

In practice, i often find the ability to check conditions a useful ability.

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Boost's enable_if library offers a nice clean interface for using SFINAE. One of my favorite usage examples is in the Boost.Iterator library. SFINAE is used to enable iterator type conversions.

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