Significant FMA performance anomaly experienced in the Intel Broadwell processor
Code1:
vzeroall
mov rcx, 1000000
startLabel1:
vfmadd231ps ymm0, ymm0, ymm0
vfmadd231ps ymm1, ymm1, ymm1
vfmadd231ps ymm2, ymm2, ymm2
vfmadd231ps ymm3, ymm3, ymm3
vfmadd231ps ymm4, ymm4, ymm4
vfmadd231ps ymm5, ymm5, ymm5
vfmadd231ps ymm6, ymm6, ymm6
vfmadd231ps ymm7, ymm7, ymm7
vfmadd231ps ymm8, ymm8, ymm8
vfmadd231ps ymm9, ymm9, ymm9
vpaddd ymm10, ymm10, ymm10
vpaddd ymm11, ymm11, ymm11
vpaddd ymm12, ymm12, ymm12
vpaddd ymm13, ymm13, ymm13
vpaddd ymm14, ymm14, ymm14
dec rcx
jnz startLabel1
Code2:
vzeroall
mov rcx, 1000000
startLabel2:
vmulps ymm0, ymm0, ymm0
vmulps ymm1, ymm1, ymm1
vmulps ymm2, ymm2, ymm2
vmulps ymm3, ymm3, ymm3
vmulps ymm4, ymm4, ymm4
vmulps ymm5, ymm5, ymm5
vmulps ymm6, ymm6, ymm6
vmulps ymm7, ymm7, ymm7
vmulps ymm8, ymm8, ymm8
vmulps ymm9, ymm9, ymm9
vpaddd ymm10, ymm10, ymm10
vpaddd ymm11, ymm11, ymm11
vpaddd ymm12, ymm12, ymm12
vpaddd ymm13, ymm13, ymm13
vpaddd ymm14, ymm14, ymm14
dec rcx
jnz startLabel2
Code3 (same as Code2 but with long VEX prefix):
vzeroall
mov rcx, 1000000
startLabel3:
byte 0c4h, 0c1h, 07ch, 059h, 0c0h ;long VEX form vmulps ymm0, ymm0, ymm0
byte 0c4h, 0c1h, 074h, 059h, 0c9h ;long VEX form vmulps ymm1, ymm1, ymm1
byte 0c4h, 0c1h, 06ch, 059h, 0d2h ;long VEX form vmulps ymm2, ymm2, ymm2
byte 0c4h, 0c1h, 06ch, 059h, 0dbh ;long VEX form vmulps ymm3, ymm3, ymm3
byte 0c4h, 0c1h, 05ch, 059h, 0e4h ;long VEX form vmulps ymm4, ymm4, ymm4
byte 0c4h, 0c1h, 054h, 059h, 0edh ;long VEX form vmulps ymm5, ymm5, ymm5
byte 0c4h, 0c1h, 04ch, 059h, 0f6h ;long VEX form vmulps ymm6, ymm6, ymm6
byte 0c4h, 0c1h, 044h, 059h, 0ffh ;long VEX form vmulps ymm7, ymm7, ymm7
vmulps ymm8, ymm8, ymm8
vmulps ymm9, ymm9, ymm9
vpaddd ymm10, ymm10, ymm10
vpaddd ymm11, ymm11, ymm11
vpaddd ymm12, ymm12, ymm12
vpaddd ymm13, ymm13, ymm13
vpaddd ymm14, ymm14, ymm14
dec rcx
jnz startLabel3
Code4 (same as Code1 but with xmm registers):
vzeroall
mov rcx, 1000000
startLabel4:
vfmadd231ps xmm0, xmm0, xmm0
vfmadd231ps xmm1, xmm1, xmm1
vfmadd231ps xmm2, xmm2, xmm2
vfmadd231ps xmm3, xmm3, xmm3
vfmadd231ps xmm4, xmm4, xmm4
vfmadd231ps xmm5, xmm5, xmm5
vfmadd231ps xmm6, xmm6, xmm6
vfmadd231ps xmm7, xmm7, xmm7
vfmadd231ps xmm8, xmm8, xmm8
vfmadd231ps xmm9, xmm9, xmm9
vpaddd xmm10, xmm10, xmm10
vpaddd xmm11, xmm11, xmm11
vpaddd xmm12, xmm12, xmm12
vpaddd xmm13, xmm13, xmm13
vpaddd xmm14, xmm14, xmm14
dec rcx
jnz startLabel4
Code5 (same as Code1 but with nonzeroing vpsubd`s):
vzeroall
mov rcx, 1000000
startLabel5:
vfmadd231ps ymm0, ymm0, ymm0
vfmadd231ps ymm1, ymm1, ymm1
vfmadd231ps ymm2, ymm2, ymm2
vfmadd231ps ymm3, ymm3, ymm3
vfmadd231ps ymm4, ymm4, ymm4
vfmadd231ps ymm5, ymm5, ymm5
vfmadd231ps ymm6, ymm6, ymm6
vfmadd231ps ymm7, ymm7, ymm7
vfmadd231ps ymm8, ymm8, ymm8
vfmadd231ps ymm9, ymm9, ymm9
vpsubd ymm10, ymm10, ymm11
vpsubd ymm11, ymm11, ymm12
vpsubd ymm12, ymm12, ymm13
vpsubd ymm13, ymm13, ymm14
vpsubd ymm14, ymm14, ymm10
dec rcx
jnz startLabel5
Code6b: (revised, memory operands for vpaddds only)
vzeroall
mov rcx, 1000000
startLabel6:
vfmadd231ps ymm0, ymm0, ymm0
vfmadd231ps ymm1, ymm1, ymm1
vfmadd231ps ymm2, ymm2, ymm2
vfmadd231ps ymm3, ymm3, ymm3
vfmadd231ps ymm4, ymm4, ymm4
vfmadd231ps ymm5, ymm5, ymm5
vfmadd231ps ymm6, ymm6, ymm6
vfmadd231ps ymm7, ymm7, ymm7
vfmadd231ps ymm8, ymm8, ymm8
vfmadd231ps ymm9, ymm9, ymm9
vpaddd ymm10, ymm10, [mem]
vpaddd ymm11, ymm11, [mem]
vpaddd ymm12, ymm12, [mem]
vpaddd ymm13, ymm13, [mem]
vpaddd ymm14, ymm14, [mem]
dec rcx
jnz startLabel6
Code7: (same as Code1 but vpaddds use ymm15)
vzeroall
mov rcx, 1000000
startLabel7:
vfmadd231ps ymm0, ymm0, ymm0
vfmadd231ps ymm1, ymm1, ymm1
vfmadd231ps ymm2, ymm2, ymm2
vfmadd231ps ymm3, ymm3, ymm3
vfmadd231ps ymm4, ymm4, ymm4
vfmadd231ps ymm5, ymm5, ymm5
vfmadd231ps ymm6, ymm6, ymm6
vfmadd231ps ymm7, ymm7, ymm7
vfmadd231ps ymm8, ymm8, ymm8
vfmadd231ps ymm9, ymm9, ymm9
vpaddd ymm10, ymm15, ymm15
vpaddd ymm11, ymm15, ymm15
vpaddd ymm12, ymm15, ymm15
vpaddd ymm13, ymm15, ymm15
vpaddd ymm14, ymm15, ymm15
dec rcx
jnz startLabel7
Code8: (same as Code7 but uses xmm instead of ymm)
vzeroall
mov rcx, 1000000
startLabel8:
vfmadd231ps xmm0, ymm0, ymm0
vfmadd231ps xmm1, xmm1, xmm1
vfmadd231ps xmm2, xmm2, xmm2
vfmadd231ps xmm3, xmm3, xmm3
vfmadd231ps xmm4, xmm4, xmm4
vfmadd231ps xmm5, xmm5, xmm5
vfmadd231ps xmm6, xmm6, xmm6
vfmadd231ps xmm7, xmm7, xmm7
vfmadd231ps xmm8, xmm8, xmm8
vfmadd231ps xmm9, xmm9, xmm9
vpaddd xmm10, xmm15, xmm15
vpaddd xmm11, xmm15, xmm15
vpaddd xmm12, xmm15, xmm15
vpaddd xmm13, xmm15, xmm15
vpaddd xmm14, xmm15, xmm15
dec rcx
jnz startLabel8
Measured TSC clocks with Turbo and C1E disabled:
Haswell Broadwell Skylake
CPUID 306C3, 40661 306D4, 40671 506E3
Code1 ~5000000 ~7730000 ->~54% slower ~5500000 ->~10% slower
Code2 ~5000000 ~5000000 ~5000000
Code3 ~6000000 ~5000000 ~5000000
Code4 ~5000000 ~7730000 ~5500000
Code5 ~5000000 ~7730000 ~5500000
Code6b ~5000000 ~8380000 ~5500000
Code7 ~5000000 ~5000000 ~5000000
Code8 ~5000000 ~5000000 ~5000000
Can somebody explain what happens with Code1 on Broadwell? My guess is Broadwell somehow contaminates Port1 with vpaddds in Code1 case, however Haswell is able to use Port5 only if Port0 and Port1 is full;
Do you have any idea to accomplish the ~5000000 clk on Broadwell with FMA instructions?
I tried to reorder. Similar behavior experienced with double and qword;
I used Windows 8.1 and Win 10;
Update:
Added Code3 as Marat Dukhan's idea with long VEX;
Extended the result table with Skylake experiences;
Uploaded a VS2015 Community + MASM sample code here
Update2:
I tried with xmm registers instead of ymm (Code 4). Same result on Broadwell.
Update3:
I added Code5 as Peter Cordes idea (substitute vpaddd`s with other intructions (vpxor, vpor, vpand, vpandn, vpsubd)). If the new instruction not a zeroing idiom(vpxor, vpsubd with same register), the result is the same on BDW. Sample project updated with Code4 and Code5.
Update4:
I added Code6 as Stephen Canon`s idea (memory operands). The result is ~8200000 clks. Sample project updated with Code6;
I checked the CPU freq and the possible thottling with System Stability Test of AIDA64. The frequency is stable and no sign of throttling;
Intel IACA 2.1 Haswell throughput analysis:
Intel(R) Architecture Code Analyzer Version - 2.1
Analyzed File - Assembly.obj
Binary Format - 64Bit
Architecture - HSW
Analysis Type - Throughput
Throughput Analysis Report
--------------------------
Block Throughput: 5.10 Cycles Throughput Bottleneck: Port0, Port1, Port5
Port Binding In Cycles Per Iteration:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Port | 0 - DV | 1 | 2 - D | 3 - D | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Cycles | 5.0 0.0 | 5.0 | 0.0 0.0 | 0.0 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Num Of | Ports pressure in cycles | |
| Uops | 0 - DV | 1 | 2 - D | 3 - D | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | 1.0 | | | | | | | | CP | vfmadd231ps ymm0, ymm0, ymm0
| 1 | | 1.0 | | | | | | | CP | vfmadd231ps ymm1, ymm1, ymm1
| 1 | 1.0 | | | | | | | | CP | vfmadd231ps ymm2, ymm2, ymm2
| 1 | | 1.0 | | | | | | | CP | vfmadd231ps ymm3, ymm3, ymm3
| 1 | 1.0 | | | | | | | | CP | vfmadd231ps ymm4, ymm4, ymm4
| 1 | | 1.0 | | | | | | | CP | vfmadd231ps ymm5, ymm5, ymm5
| 1 | 1.0 | | | | | | | | CP | vfmadd231ps ymm6, ymm6, ymm6
| 1 | | 1.0 | | | | | | | CP | vfmadd231ps ymm7, ymm7, ymm7
| 1 | 1.0 | | | | | | | | CP | vfmadd231ps ymm8, ymm8, ymm8
| 1 | | 1.0 | | | | | | | CP | vfmadd231ps ymm9, ymm9, ymm9
| 1 | | | | | | 1.0 | | | CP | vpaddd ymm10, ymm10, ymm10
| 1 | | | | | | 1.0 | | | CP | vpaddd ymm11, ymm11, ymm11
| 1 | | | | | | 1.0 | | | CP | vpaddd ymm12, ymm12, ymm12
| 1 | | | | | | 1.0 | | | CP | vpaddd ymm13, ymm13, ymm13
| 1 | | | | | | 1.0 | | | CP | vpaddd ymm14, ymm14, ymm14
| 1 | | | | | | | 1.0 | | | dec rcx
| 0F | | | | | | | | | | jnz 0xffffffffffffffaa
Total Num Of Uops: 16
I followed jcomeau_ictx idea, and modified the Agner Fog`s testp.zip (published 2015-12-22) The port usage on the BDW 306D4:
Clock Core cyc Instruct uop p0 uop p1 uop p5 uop p6
Code1: 7734720 7734727 17000001 4983410 5016592 5000001 1000001
Code2: 5000072 5000072 17000001 5000010 5000014 4999978 1000002
The port distribution near perfect as on the Haswell. Then I checked the resource stall counters (event 0xa2)
Clock Core cyc Instruct res.stl. RS stl. SB stl. ROB stl.
Code1: 7736212 7736213 17000001 3736191 3736143 0 0
Code2: 5000068 5000072 17000001 1000050 999957 0 0
It seems to me the Code1 and Code2 difference comming from the RS stall. Remark from Intel SDM: "Cycles stalled due to no eligible RS entry available."
How can I avoid this stall with FMA?
Update5:
Code6 changed, as Peter Cordes drew my attention, only vpaddds use memory operands. No effect on HSW and SKL, BDW get worse.
As Marat Dukhan measured, not just vpadd/vpsub/vpand/vpandn/vpxor affected, but other Port5 bounded instructions like vmovaps, vblendps, vpermps, vshufps, vbroadcastss;
As IwillnotexistIdonotexist suggested, I tried out with other operands. A successful modification is Code7, where all vpaddds use ymm15. This version can produce on BDWs ~5000000 clks, but just for a while. After ~6 million FMA pair it reaches the usual ~7730000 clks:
Clock Core cyc Instruct res.stl. RS stl. SB stl. ROB stl.
5133724 5110723 17000001 1107998 946376 0 0
6545476 6545482 17000001 2545453 1 0 0
6545468 6545471 17000001 2545437 90910 0 0
5000016 5000019 17000001 999992 999992 0 0
7671620 7617127 17000003 3614464 3363363 0 0
7737340 7737345 17000001 3737321 3737259 0 0
7802916 7747108 17000003 3737478 3735919 0 0
7928784 7796057 17000007 3767962 3676744 0 0
7941072 7847463 17000003 3781103 3651595 0 0
7787812 7779151 17000005 3765109 3685600 0 0
7792524 7738029 17000002 3736858 3736764 0 0
7736000 7736007 17000001 3735983 3735945 0 0
I tried the xmm version of Code7 as Code8. The effect is similar, but the faster runtime sustains longer. I haven't found significant difference between a 1.6GHz i5-5250U and 3.7GHz i7-5775C.
16 and 17 was made with disabled HyperThreading. With enabled HTT the effect is less.
Updated
I've got no explanation for you, since I'm on Haswell, but I do have code to share that might help you or someone else with Broadwell or Skylake hardware isolate your problem. If you could please run it on your machine and share the results, we could gain an insight into what's happening to your machine.
Intro
Recent Intel Core i7 processors have 7 performance monitor counters (PMCs), 3 fixed-function and 4 general-purpose, that may be used to profile code. The fixed-function PMCs are:
The ratio of core:reference clock cycles determines the relative speedup or slowdown from dynamic frequency scaling.
Although software exists (see comments below) that accesses these counters, I did not know them and still find them to be insufficiently fine-grained.
I therefore wrote myself a Linux kernel module, perfcount , over the past few days to grant me access to the Intel performance counter monitors, and a userspace testbench and library for your code that wraps your FMA code around calls to my LKM. Instructions for how to reproduce my setup will follow.
My testbench source code is below. It warms up, then runs your code several times, testing it over a long list of metrics. I changed your loop count to 1 billion. Because only 4 general-purpose PMCs can be programmed at once, I do the measurements 4 at a time.
perfcountdemo.c
/* Includes */
#include "libperfcount.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
/* Function prototypes */
void code1(void);
void code2(void);
void code3(void);
void code4(void);
void code5(void);
/* Global variables */
void ((*FN_TABLE[])(void)) = {
code1,
code2,
code3,
code4,
code5
};
/**
* Code snippets to bench
*/
void code1(void){
asm volatile(
".intel_syntax noprefixnt"
"vzeroallnt"
"mov rcx, 1000000000nt"
"LstartLabel1:nt"
"vfmadd231ps %%ymm0, %%ymm0, %%ymm0nt"
"vfmadd231ps ymm1, ymm1, ymm1nt"
"vfmadd231ps ymm2, ymm2, ymm2nt"
"vfmadd231ps ymm3, ymm3, ymm3nt"
"vfmadd231ps ymm4, ymm4, ymm4nt"
"vfmadd231ps ymm5, ymm5, ymm5nt"
"vfmadd231ps ymm6, ymm6, ymm6nt"
"vfmadd231ps ymm7, ymm7, ymm7nt"
"vfmadd231ps ymm8, ymm8, ymm8nt"
"vfmadd231ps ymm9, ymm9, ymm9nt"
"vpaddd ymm10, ymm10, ymm10nt"
"vpaddd ymm11, ymm11, ymm11nt"
"vpaddd ymm12, ymm12, ymm12nt"
"vpaddd ymm13, ymm13, ymm13nt"
"vpaddd ymm14, ymm14, ymm14nt"
"dec rcxnt"
"jnz LstartLabel1nt"
".att_syntax noprefixnt"
: /* No outputs we care about */
: /* No inputs we care about */
: "xmm0", "xmm1", "xmm2", "xmm3", "xmm4", "xmm5", "xmm6", "xmm7",
"xmm8", "xmm9", "xmm10", "xmm11", "xmm12", "xmm13", "xmm14", "xmm15",
"rcx",
"memory"
);
}
void code2(void){
}
void code3(void){
}
void code4(void){
}
void code5(void){
}
/* Test Schedule */
const char* const SCHEDULE[] = {
/* Batch */
"uops_issued.any",
"uops_issued.any<1",
"uops_issued.any>=1",
"uops_issued.any>=2",
/* Batch */
"uops_issued.any>=3",
"uops_issued.any>=4",
"uops_issued.any>=5",
"uops_issued.any>=6",
/* Batch */
"uops_executed_port.port_0",
"uops_executed_port.port_1",
"uops_executed_port.port_2",
"uops_executed_port.port_3",
/* Batch */
"uops_executed_port.port_4",
"uops_executed_port.port_5",
"uops_executed_port.port_6",
"uops_executed_port.port_7",
/* Batch */
"resource_stalls.any",
"resource_stalls.rs",
"resource_stalls.sb",
"resource_stalls.rob",
/* Batch */
"uops_retired.all",
"uops_retired.all<1",
"uops_retired.all>=1",
"uops_retired.all>=2",
/* Batch */
"uops_retired.all>=3",
"uops_retired.all>=4",
"uops_retired.all>=5",
"uops_retired.all>=6",
/* Batch */
"inst_retired.any_p",
"inst_retired.any_p<1",
"inst_retired.any_p>=1",
"inst_retired.any_p>=2",
/* Batch */
"inst_retired.any_p>=3",
"inst_retired.any_p>=4",
"inst_retired.any_p>=5",
"inst_retired.any_p>=6",
/* Batch */
"idq_uops_not_delivered.core",
"idq_uops_not_delivered.core<1",
"idq_uops_not_delivered.core>=1",
"idq_uops_not_delivered.core>=2",
/* Batch */
"idq_uops_not_delivered.core>=3",
"idq_uops_not_delivered.core>=4",
"rs_events.empty",
"idq.empty",
/* Batch */
"idq.mite_all_uops",
"idq.mite_all_uops<1",
"idq.mite_all_uops>=1",
"idq.mite_all_uops>=2",
/* Batch */
"idq.mite_all_uops>=3",
"idq.mite_all_uops>=4",
"move_elimination.int_not_eliminated",
"move_elimination.simd_not_eliminated",
/* Batch */
"lsd.uops",
"lsd.uops<1",
"lsd.uops>=1",
"lsd.uops>=2",
/* Batch */
"lsd.uops>=3",
"lsd.uops>=4",
"ild_stall.lcp",
"ild_stall.iq_full",
/* Batch */
"br_inst_exec.all_branches",
"br_inst_exec.0x81",
"br_inst_exec.0x82",
"icache.misses",
/* Batch */
"br_misp_exec.all_branches",
"br_misp_exec.0x81",
"br_misp_exec.0x82",
"fp_assist.any",
/* Batch */
"cpu_clk_unhalted.core_clk",
"cpu_clk_unhalted.ref_xclk",
"baclears.any"
};
const int NUMCOUNTS = sizeof(SCHEDULE)/sizeof(*SCHEDULE);
/**
* Main
*/
int main(int argc, char* argv[]){
int i;
/**
* Initialize
*/
pfcInit();
if(argc <= 1){
pfcDumpEvents();
exit(1);
}
pfcPinThread(3);
/**
* Arguments are:
*
* perfcountdemo #codesnippet
*
* There is a schedule of configuration that is followed.
*/
void (*fn)(void) = FN_TABLE[strtoull(argv[1], NULL, 0)];
static const uint64_t ZERO_CNT[7] = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
static const uint64_t ZERO_CFG[7] = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
uint64_t cnt[7] = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
uint64_t cfg[7] = {2,2,2,0,0,0,0};
/* Warmup */
for(i=0;i<10;i++){
fn();
}
/* Run master loop */
for(i=0;i<NUMCOUNTS;i+=4){
/* Configure counters */
const char* sched0 = i+0 < NUMCOUNTS ? SCHEDULE[i+0] : "";
const char* sched1 = i+1 < NUMCOUNTS ? SCHEDULE[i+1] : "";
const char* sched2 = i+2 < NUMCOUNTS ? SCHEDULE[i+2] : "";
const char* sched3 = i+3 < NUMCOUNTS ? SCHEDULE[i+3] : "";
cfg[3] = pfcParseConfig(sched0);
cfg[4] = pfcParseConfig(sched1);
cfg[5] = pfcParseConfig(sched2);
cfg[6] = pfcParseConfig(sched3);
pfcWrConfigCnts(0, 7, cfg);
pfcWrCountsCnts(0, 7, ZERO_CNT);
pfcRdCountsCnts(0, 7, cnt);
/* ^ Should report 0s, and launch the counters. */
/************** Hot section **************/
fn();
/************ End Hot section ************/
pfcRdCountsCnts(0, 7, cnt);
pfcWrConfigCnts(0, 7, ZERO_CFG);
/* ^ Should clear the counter config and disable them. */
/**
* Print the lovely results
*/
printf("Instructions Issued : %20llun", cnt[0]);
printf("Unhalted core cycles : %20llun", cnt[1]);
printf("Unhalted reference cycles : %20llun", cnt[2]);
printf("%-35s: %20llun", sched0, cnt[3]);
printf("%-35s: %20llun", sched1, cnt[4]);
printf("%-35s: %20llun", sched2, cnt[5]);
printf("%-35s: %20llun", sched3, cnt[6]);
}
/**
* Close up shop
*/
pfcFini();
}
On my machine, I got the following results:
Haswell Core i7-4700MQ
> ./perfcountdemo 0
Instructions Issued : 17000001807
Unhalted core cycles : 5305920785
Unhalted reference cycles : 4245764952
uops_issued.any : 16000811079
uops_issued.any<1 : 1311417889
uops_issued.any>=1 : 4000292290
uops_issued.any>=2 : 4000229358
Instructions Issued : 17000001806
Unhalted core cycles : 5303822082
Unhalted reference cycles : 4243345896
uops_issued.any>=3 : 4000156998
uops_issued.any>=4 : 4000110067
uops_issued.any>=5 : 0
uops_issued.any>=6 : 0
Instructions Issued : 17000001811
Unhalted core cycles : 5314227923
Unhalted reference cycles : 4252020624
uops_executed_port.port_0 : 5016261477
uops_executed_port.port_1 : 5036728509
uops_executed_port.port_2 : 5282
uops_executed_port.port_3 : 12481
Instructions Issued : 17000001816
Unhalted core cycles : 5329351248
Unhalted reference cycles : 4265809728
uops_executed_port.port_4 : 7087
uops_executed_port.port_5 : 4946019835
uops_executed_port.port_6 : 1000228324
uops_executed_port.port_7 : 1372
Instructions Issued : 17000001816
Unhalted core cycles : 5325153463
Unhalted reference cycles : 4261060248
resource_stalls.any : 1322734589
resource_stalls.rs : 844250210
resource_stalls.sb : 0
resource_stalls.rob : 0
Instructions Issued : 17000001814
Unhalted core cycles : 5327823817
Unhalted reference cycles : 4262914728
uops_retired.all : 16000445793
uops_retired.all<1 : 687284798
uops_retired.all>=1 : 4646263984
uops_retired.all>=2 : 4452324050
Instructions Issued : 17000001809
Unhalted core cycles : 5311736558
Unhalted reference cycles : 4250015688
uops_retired.all>=3 : 3545695253
uops_retired.all>=4 : 3341664653
uops_retired.all>=5 : 1016
uops_retired.all>=6 : 1
Instructions Issued : 17000001871
Unhalted core cycles : 5477215269
Unhalted reference cycles : 4383891984
inst_retired.any_p : 17000001871
inst_retired.any_p<1 : 891904306
inst_retired.any_p>=1 : 4593972062
inst_retired.any_p>=2 : 4441024510
Instructions Issued : 17000001835
Unhalted core cycles : 5377202052
Unhalted reference cycles : 4302895152
inst_retired.any_p>=3 : 3555852364
inst_retired.any_p>=4 : 3369559466
inst_retired.any_p>=5 : 999980244
inst_retired.any_p>=6 : 0
Instructions Issued : 17000001826
Unhalted core cycles : 5349373678
Unhalted reference cycles : 4280991912
idq_uops_not_delivered.core : 1580573
idq_uops_not_delivered.core<1 : 5354931839
idq_uops_not_delivered.core>=1 : 471248
idq_uops_not_delivered.core>=2 : 418625
Instructions Issued : 17000001808
Unhalted core cycles : 5309687640
Unhalted reference cycles : 4248083976
idq_uops_not_delivered.core>=3 : 280800
idq_uops_not_delivered.core>=4 : 247923
rs_events.empty : 0
idq.empty : 649944
Instructions Issued : 17000001838
Unhalted core cycles : 5392229041
Unhalted reference cycles : 4315704216
idq.mite_all_uops : 2496139
idq.mite_all_uops<1 : 5397877484
idq.mite_all_uops>=1 : 971582
idq.mite_all_uops>=2 : 595973
Instructions Issued : 17000001822
Unhalted core cycles : 5347205506
Unhalted reference cycles : 4278845208
idq.mite_all_uops>=3 : 394011
idq.mite_all_uops>=4 : 335205
move_elimination.int_not_eliminated: 0
move_elimination.simd_not_eliminated: 0
Instructions Issued : 17000001812
Unhalted core cycles : 5320621549
Unhalted reference cycles : 4257095280
lsd.uops : 15999287982
lsd.uops<1 : 1326629729
lsd.uops>=1 : 3999821996
lsd.uops>=2 : 3999821996
Instructions Issued : 17000001813
Unhalted core cycles : 5320533147
Unhalted reference cycles : 4257105096
lsd.uops>=3 : 3999823498
lsd.uops>=4 : 3999823498
ild_stall.lcp : 0
ild_stall.iq_full : 3468
Instructions Issued : 17000001813
Unhalted core cycles : 5323278281
Unhalted reference cycles : 4258969200
br_inst_exec.all_branches : 1000016626
br_inst_exec.0x81 : 1000016616
br_inst_exec.0x82 : 0
icache.misses : 294
Instructions Issued : 17000001812
Unhalted core cycles : 5315098728
Unhalted reference cycles : 4253082504
br_misp_exec.all_branches : 5
br_misp_exec.0x81 : 2
br_misp_exec.0x82 : 0
fp_assist.any : 0
Instructions Issued : 17000001819
Unhalted core cycles : 5338484610
Unhalted reference cycles : 4271432976
cpu_clk_unhalted.core_clk : 5338494250
cpu_clk_unhalted.ref_xclk : 177976806
baclears.any : 1
: 0
We may see that on Haswell, everything is well-oiled. I'll make a few notes from the above stats:
17000001800 , which is a good sign: It means we can make a very good estimate of our overhead. Idem for the other fixed-function counters. The fact that they all match reasonably well means that the tests in batches of 4 are apples-to-apples comparisons. cpu_clk_unhalted.core_clk/(10.0*cpu_clk_unhalted.ref_xclk) gives just under 3 GHz too. uops_issued.any : The number of instructions issued is ~17B, but the number of uops issued is ~16B. That's because the two instructions for loop control are fusing together; Good sign. Moreover, around 1.3B clock cycles out of 5.3B (25% of the time), no uops were issued, while the near-totality of the rest of the time (4B clock cycles), 4 uops issued at a time. uops_executed_port.port_[0-7] : Port saturation. We're in good health. Of the 16B post-fusion uops, Ports 0, 1 and 5 ate 5B uops each over 5.3B cycles (Which means they were distributed optimally: Float, float, int respectively), Port 6 ate 1B (the fused dec-branch op), and ports 2, 3, 4 and 7 ate negligible amounts by comparison. resource_stalls : 1.3B of them occurred, 2/3 of which were due to the reservation station (RS) and the other third to unknown causes. uops_retired.all and inst_retired.all , we know we are retiring 4 uops 60% of the time, 0 uops 13% of the time and 2 uops the rest of the time, with negligible amounts otherwise. *idq* counts): The IDQ only rarely holds us up. lsd : The Loop Stream Detector is working; Nearly 16B fused uops were supplied to the frontend from it. ild : Instruction length decoding is not the bottleneck, and not a single length-changing prefix is encountered. br_inst_exec/br_misp_exec : Branch misprediction is a negligible problem. icache.misses : Negligible. fp_assist : Negligible. Denormals not encountered. (I believe that without DAZ denormals-are-zero flushing, they'd require an assist, which should register here) So on Intel Haswell it's smooth sailing. If you could run my suite on your machines, that would be great.
Instructions for Reproduction
make the kernel module. nmi_watchdog=0 modprobe.blacklist=iTCO_wdt,iTCO_vendor_support . The NMI watchdog will tamper with the unhalted-core-cycle counter otherwise. insmod perfcount.ko the module. dmesg | tail -n 10 dmesg | tail -n 10 should say it successfully loaded and say there are 3 Ff counters and 4 Gp counters, or else give a reason for failing to do so. perfcountdemo.c the core to which you restrict your affinity by changing the argument to pfcPinThread() . Update: previous version contained a 6 VPADDD instructions (vs 5 in the question), and the extra VPADDD caused imbalance on Broadwell. After it was fixed, Haswell, Broadwell and Skylake issue almost the same number of uops to ports 0, 1 and 5.
There is no port contamination, but uops are scheduled suboptimally, with the majority of uops going to Port 5 on Broadwell, and making it the bottleneck before Ports 0 and 1 are saturated.
To demonstrate what is going on, I suggest to (ab)use the demo on PeachPy.IO:
Open www.peachpy.io in Google Chrome (it wouldn't work in other browsers).
Replace the default code (which implements SDOT function) with the code below, which is literally your example ported to PeachPy syntax:
n = Argument(size_t)
x = Argument(ptr(const_float_))
incx = Argument(size_t)
y = Argument(ptr(const_float_))
incy = Argument(size_t)
with Function("sdot", (n, x, incx, y, incy)) as function:
reg_n = GeneralPurposeRegister64()
LOAD.ARGUMENT(reg_n, n)
VZEROALL()
with Loop() as loop:
for i in range(15):
ymm_i = YMMRegister(i)
if i < 10:
VFMADD231PS(ymm_i, ymm_i, ymm_i)
else:
VPADDD(ymm_i, ymm_i, ymm_i)
DEC(reg_n)
JNZ(loop.begin)
RETURN()
I have a number of machines on different microarchitectures as a backend for PeachPy.io. Choose Intel Haswell, Intel Broadwell, or Intel Skylake and press "Quick Run". The system will compile your code, upload it to server, and visualize performance counters collected during execution.
Here is the uops distribution over execution ports on Intel Haswell:
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