Error compiling hello world program C with arm
I am trying to compile a hello world program in C on a Linux 64-bit machine. I am using an ARM cross compiler to load my application onto an ARM processor. However, when compiling the code using arm-none-eabi-gcc -o hello hello.c I get a series of errors:
/home/dico/gcc-arm-none-eabi-4_7-2013q3/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/4.7.4/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(lib_a-exit.o): In function exit': exit.c:(.text.exit+0x2c): undefined reference to _exit' /home/dico/gcc-arm-none-eabi-4_7-2013q3/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/4.7.4/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(lib_a-sbrkr.o): In function _sbrk_r': sbrkr.c:(.text._sbrk_r+0x18): undefined reference to _sbrk' /home/dico/gcc-arm-none-eabi-4_7-2013q3/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/4.7.4/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(lib_a-writer.o): In function _write_r': writer.c:(.text._write_r+0x20): undefined reference to _write' /home/dico/gcc-arm-none-eabi-4_7-2013q3/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/4.7.4/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(lib_a-closer.o): In function _close_r': closer.c:(.text._close_r+0x18): undefined reference to _close' /home/dico/gcc-arm-none-eabi-4_7-2013q3/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/4.7.4/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(lib_a-fstatr.o): In function _fstat_r': fstatr.c:(.text._fstat_r+0x1c): undefined reference to _fstat_r': fstatr.c:(.text._fstat_r+0x1c): undefined reference to _fstat' /home/dico/gcc-arm-none-eabi-4_7-2013q3/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/4.7.4/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(lib_a-isattyr.o): In function _isatty_r': isattyr.c:(.text._isatty_r+0x18): undefined reference to _isatty' /home/dico/gcc-arm-none-eabi-4_7-2013q3/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/4.7.4/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(lib_a-lseekr.o): In function _lseek_r': lseekr.c:(.text._lseek_r+0x20): undefined reference to _lseek' /home/dico/gcc-arm-none-eabi-4_7-2013q3/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/4.7.4/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(lib_a-readr.o): In function _read_r': readr.c:(.text._read_r+0x20): undefined reference to _read' collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
When I try compiling by doing: arm-none-eabi-gcc -c hello.c , it creates an object code hello.o which tells me that the compiler runs fine.
Could someone perhaps tell me why my compilation is return such errors please?
UPDATE
I realize now that the C runtime library isn't included in the compilation. Does anyone know of any options I need to include in the compilation or how to link the library to be able to use standard functions such as printf for example?
What should the MCU chip do with a printf string since there is no console? That's what is happening. libc needs low level functions that is platform dependent and shall not be included in the libc.
You need a retarget.c or a syscalls.c file that defines all these missing symbols and properly retarget the printf output to a serial line that you have access from the outside of the chip.
I strongly recommend you to use the yagarto toolkit, they provide a syscall.c file with what's necessary to build a project when linking against libc, as you are doing.
If you want to try the short path, include the syscall.c file to your project and reprogram its functions internals to suit your needs.
Linking bare gcc toolchain against libc in the microcontroller world is not for beginners. My recommendation is always to follow step by step yagarto's tutorials.
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