What is this?
This is a collection of common Q&A. This is also a Community Wiki, so everyone is invited to participate in maintaining it.
Why is this?
regex is suffering from give me ze code type of questions and poor answers with no explanation. This reference is meant to provide links to quality Q&A.
What's the scope?
This reference is meant for the following languages: php, perl, javascript, python, ruby, java, .net.
This might be too broad, but these languages share the same syntax. For specific features there's the tag of the language behind it, example:
What are regular expression Balancing Groups? .net
The Stack Overflow Regular Expressions FAQ
Online tutorials
RegexOne Regular Expressions Info Quantifiers
Zero-or-more: * :greedy, *? :reluctant, *+ :possessive One-or-more: + :greedy, +? :reluctant, ++ :possessive ? :optional (zero-or-one) Min/max ranges (all inclusive): {n,m} :between n & m, {n,} :n-or-more, {n} :exactly n Differences between greedy, reluctant (aka "lazy", "ungreedy") and possessive quantifier: Greedy vs. Reluctant vs. Possessive Quantifiers In-depth discussion on the differences between greedy versus non-greedy What's the difference between {n} and {n}? Can someone explain Possessive Quantifiers to me? php, perl, java, ruby Emulating possessive quantifiers .net Non-Stack Overflow references: From Oracle, regular-expressions.info Character Classes
What is the difference between square brackets and parentheses? [...] : any one character, [^...] : negated/any character but [^] matches any one character including newlines javascript [w-[d]] / [az-[qz]] : set subtraction .net, xml-schema, xpath, JGSoft [w&&[^d]] : set intersection java, ruby 1.9+ [[:alpha:]] :POSIX character classes Why do [^D2] , [^[^0-9]2] , [^2[^0-9]] get different results in Java? java Shorthand: Digit: d :digit, D :non-digit Word character (Letter, digit, underscore): w :word character, W :non-word character Whitespace: s :whitespace, S :non-whitespace Unicode categories ( p{L}, P{L} , etc.) Escape Sequences
Horizontal whitespace: h :space-or-tab, t :tab Newlines: r , n :carriage return and line feed R :generic newline php Negated whitespace sequences: H :Non horizontal whitespace character, V :Non vertical whitespace character, N :Non line feed character pcre php5 java-8 Other: v :vertical tab, e :the escape character Anchors
^ :start of line/input, b :word boundary, and B :non-word boundary, $ :end of line/input A :start of input, Z :end of input php, perl, ruby z :the very end of input ( Z in Python) .net, php, pcre, java, ruby, icu, swift, objective-c G :start of match php, perl, ruby (Also see "Flavor-Specific Information → Java → The functions in Matcher ")
Groups
(...) :capture group, (?:) :non-capture group Why is my repeating capturing group only capturing the last match? 1 :backreference and capture-group reference, $1 :capture group reference What's the meaning of a number after a backslash in a regular expression? g<1>123 :How to follow a numbered capture group, such as 1 , with a number?: python What does a subpattern (?i:regex) mean? What does the 'P' in (?P<group_name>regexp) mean? (?>) :atomic group or independent group, (?|) :branch reset Equivalent of branch reset in .NET/C# .net Named capture groups: General named capturing group reference at regular-expressions.info java: (?<groupname>regex) : Overview and naming rules (Non-Stack Overflow links) Other languages: (?P<groupname>regex) python, (?<groupname>regex) .net, (?<groupname>regex) perl, (?P<groupname>regex) and (?<groupname>regex) php Lookarounds
Lookaheads: (?=...) :positive, (?!...) :negative Lookbehinds: (?<=...) :positive, (?<!...) :negative (not supported by javascript) Lookbehind limits in: Lookbehinds need to be constant-length php, perl, python, ruby Lookarounds of limited length {0,n} java Variable length lookbehinds are allowed .net Lookbehind alternatives: Using K php, perl (Flavors that support K ) Alternative regex module for Python python The hacky way JavaScript negative lookbehind equivalents External link Modifiers
Most flavors: g :global, i :case-insensitive, u :unicode, x :whitespace-extended c :current position perl e :expression php perl o :once ruby m :multiline php perl python javascript .net java, m :(non)multiline ruby s :single line (not supported by javascript or ruby), s workaround javascript S :study php U :ungreedy php r How to convert preg_replace e to preg_replace_callback? What are inline modifiers? What is '?-mix' in a Ruby Regular Expression Other:
| :alternation (OR) operator, . :any character, [.] :literal dot character What special characters must be escaped? Control verbs (php and perl): (*PRUNE) , (*SKIP) , (*FAIL) and (*F) php only: (*BSR_ANYCRLF) Recursion (php and perl): (?R) , (?0) and (?1) , (?-1) , (?&groupname) Common Tasks
Get a string between two curly braces: {...} Match (or replace) a pattern except in situations s1, s2, s3... How do I find all YouTube video ids in a string using a regex? Validation: Internet: email addresses, URLs (host/port: regex and non-regex alternatives), passwords Numeric: a number, min-max ranges (such as 1-31), phone numbers, date Parsing HTML with regex: See "General Information > When not to use Regex" Advanced Regex-Fu
Strings and numbers: Regular expression to match a line that doesn't contain a word? How does this PCRE pattern detect palindromes? Match strings whose length is a fourth power How does this regex find triangular numbers? How to determine if a number is a prime with regex? How to match the middle character in a string with regex? Other: How can we match a^nb^n with Java regex? Match nested brackets Using a recursive pattern php, perl Using balancing groups .net “Vertical” regex matching in an ASCII “image” List of highly up-voted regex questions on Code Golf How to make two quantifiers repeat the same number of times? An impossible-to-match regular expression: (?!a)a Match/delete/replace this except in contexts A, B and C Match nested brackets with regex without using recursion or balancing groups? Flavor-Specific Information
(Except for those marked with * , this section contains non-Stack Overflow links.)
Java Official documentation: Pattern Javadoc, Oracle's regular expressions tutorial The differences between functions in java.util.regex.Matcher : matches() ): The match must be anchored to both input-start and -end find() ): A match may be anywhere in the input string (substrings) lookingAt() : The match must be anchored to input-start only (For anchors in general, see the section "Anchors") The only java.lang.String functions that accept regular expressions: matches(s) , replaceAll(s,s) , replaceFirst(s,s) , split(s) , split(s,i) *An (opinionated and) detailed discussion of the disadvantages of and missing features in java.util.regex .NET How to read a .NET regex with look-ahead, look-behind, capturing groups and back-references mixed together? Official documentation: Boost regex engine: General syntax, Perl syntax (used by TextPad, Sublime Text, UltraEdit, ...???) JavaScript 1.5 general info and RegExp object .NET MySQL Oracle Perl5 version 18.2 PHP: pattern syntax, preg_match Python: Regular expression operations, search vs match , how-to Splunk: regex terminology and syntax and regex command Tcl: regex syntax, manpage, regexp command Visual Studio Find and Replace General information
(Links marked with * are non-Stack Overflow links.)
Other general documentation resources: Learning Regular Expressions, *Regular-expressions.info, *Wikipedia entry, *RexEgg, Open-Directory Project DFA versus NFA Generating Strings matching regex Books: Jeffrey Friedl's Mastering Regular Expressions When to not use regular expressions: Some people, when confronted with a problem, think "I know, I'll use regular expressions." Now they have two problems. (blog post written by Stack Overflow's founder)* Do not use regex to parse HTML: Don't. Please, just don't Well, maybe...if you're really determined (other answers in this question are also good) Examples of regex that can cause regex engine to fail
Why does this regular expression kill the Java regex engine? Tools: Testers and Explainers
(This section contains non-Stack Overflow links.)
Online (* includes replacement tester, + includes split tester):
Debuggex (Also has a repository of useful regexes) javascript, python, pcre *Regular Expressions 101 php, pcre, python, javascript Regex Pal, regular-expressions.info javascript Rubular ruby RegExr Regex Hero dotnet *+ regexstorm.net .net *RegexPlanet: Java java, Go go, Haskell haskell, JavaScript javascript, .NET dotnet, Perl perl php PCRE php, Python python, Ruby ruby, XRegExp xregexp freeformatter.com xregexp *+ regex.larsolavtorvik.com php PCRE and POSIX, javascript Refiddle javascript ruby .net Offline:
Microsoft Windows: RegexBuddy (analysis), RegexMagic (creation), Expresso (analysis, creation, free)
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