How LongAdder performs better than AtomicLong
I see how Java's AtomicInteger works internally with CAS (Compare And Swap) operation. Basically when multiple threads try to update the value, JVM internally use the underlying CAS mechanism and try to update the value. If the update fails, then try again with the new value but never blocks.
In Java8 Oracle introduced a new Class LongAdder which seems to perform better than AtomicInteger under high contention. Some blog posts claim that LongAdder perform better by maintaining internal cells - does that mean LongAdder aggregates the values internally and update it later? Could you please help me to understand how LongAdder works?
does that mean LongAdder aggregates the values internally and update it later?
Yes, if I understand your statement correctly.
Each Cell in a LongAdder is a variant of an AtomicLong . Having multiple such cells is a way of spreading out the contention and thus increasing throughput.
When the final result (sum) is to be retrieved, it just adds together the values of each cell.
Much of the logic around how the cells are organized, how they are allocated etc can be seen in the source: http://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk9/jdk9/jdk/file/f398670f3da7/src/java.base/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/atomic/Striped64.java
In particular the number of cells is bound by the number of CPUs:
/** Number of CPUS, to place bound on table size */
static final int NCPU = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
The primary reason it is "faster" is its contended performance. This is important because:
Under low update contention, the two classes have similar characteristics.
You'd use a LongAdder for very frequent updates, in which atomic CAS and native calls to Unsafe would cause contention. (See source and volatile reads). Not to mention cache misses/false sharing on multiple AtomicLongs (although I have not looked at the class layout yet, there doesn't appear to be sufficient memory padding before the actual long field.
under high contention, expected throughput of this class is significantly higher, at the expense of higher space consumption.
The implementation extends Striped64 , which is a data holder for 64-bit values. The values are held in cells, which are padded (or striped), hence the name. Each operation may upon the LongAdder will modify the collection of values present in the Striped64. When contention occurs, a new cell is created and modified, so the the old thread can finish concurrently with contending one. When you need the final value, the sums of each cell is simply added up.
Unfortunately, performance comes with a cost, which in this case is memory (as often is). The Striped64 can grow very large if a large load of threads and updates are being thrown at it.
Quote source: Javadoc for LongAdder
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