Why is there no undo/redo in Git?
As far as I know, when you want to undo something in Git you have to explicitly find the command to undo whatever it is you've done and issue it. For instance, one way among many to undo a commit and redo it is to follow the example from here,
$ git commit ...
$ git reset --soft HEAD^
$ edit
$ git add ....
$ git commit -c ORIG_HEAD
Or to undo a pull, you can follow the instructions from here,
$ git reset --hard
But these commands do not necessarily work interchangeably. Is there a reason why Git does not allow simple undo and redo commands? Something to do with the philosophy behind it? Also, I don't have much experience with other version control systems, but do any of them offer a simple undo and redo command?
There are several problems with such a notion:
Not all operations are reversible. Sometimes this is because Git doesn't record enough information to deduce the prior state - that'd be prohibitively expensive in general. Sometimes it's things like git reset --hard or git clean , which destroy untracked changes. In order to undo them, it'd have to be continuously automatically backing up. Sometimes this is because the notion of undo is ambiguous - as you yourself pointed out, there are many ways to undo a commit.
If an operation is reversible, and it involved some sort of history, should the undo/redo also be in the history, or should they make it vanish? Should a commit be undone by resetting back, or by reverting (creating another commit to cancel it)?
Without logging every last thing you do, how would you know what the most recent operation was? Say you added a file to the index, and created a branch. There's no record of which was first.
Even if everything were clearly defined, it'd be an absurd amount of work to implement. How do you decide what constitutes a single action? A single Git command might do many things. Should it undo one step, the whole thing? What if you've run a zillion commands each doing a tiny step and you want to undo it all? And it'd have to be perfect, completely perfect, because it's the kind of feature that will be used by inexperienced users who'll have no idea how to recover from any mistake.
So, just as Git gives you the tools to do things, it gives you the tools to see what you've done, and undo things yourself if so desired.
Also, with respect to "redo", as you defined it in your question, it's repeating a command, not doing the original operation again. When you redid a commit, it was a different one. Re-running a previous command is something that command-line shells were designed to do. Git doesn't need to reinvent it.
Actually your first example can be performed with:
$ git commit ...
$ edit
$ git add ...
$ git commit --amend
Your second example should be more like git reset --hard <hash>
The answer to your question is that it's potentially possible, but yes it's more the philosophy driving git that means it hasn't been done. Theoretically there's no way to tell whether you got to a commit by creating it or deleting another, but using the reflog it's maybe possible... haven't really thought about it in that way before.
I don't think 'undo' and 'redo' are a very common thing in source control though, but correct me if I'm wrong.
EDIT: You could possibly rig a script that could do what you're after using the reflog - not sure if there's enough information there, but it could be worth a try.
git is actually multiple small tools that act on the repository, index and working directory, so it doesn't have a 'core' part for any 'undo'.
That said it does have various logs, such as reflog for you to look back at what was done.
Finally, by convention, many git actions are normally thought of as being 'one way only', that is, you wouldn't want any-one to publicly see it, so git tries to 'make you go round the block' when in public. If you are still in your local repo you can back up with various commands but a global undo isn't an appropriate command offering.
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